§ Toxic plants · 46 plants · Checked Oct 2026

Wild plants and weeds toxic to cats and dogs

Plants that turn up on their own in yards, fields, ditches and woods. The ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center lists all 46 as toxic to cats and dogs; each one below has the signs to watch for and a severity rating from Plant Smart.

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§ 010 · The list

Every plant on this list

Plant	Cats	Dogs	Severity
American bittersweet Celastrus scandens	Toxic	Toxic	Severe
Aspen fleabane Erigeron speciosus	Toxic	Toxic	Moderate
Bittersweet nightshade Solanum dulcamara	Toxic	Toxic	Mild
Black nightshade Solanum nigrum	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Bullwort Ammi majus	Toxic	Toxic	Mild
Buttercups Ranunculus spp.	Toxic	Toxic	Severe
Cape-ivy Senecio mikanioides	Toxic	Toxic	Severe
Carolina horsenettle Solanum carolinense	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Common cowparsnip Heracleum maximum	Toxic	Toxic	Mild
Common groundsel Senecio vulgaris	Toxic	Toxic	Severe
Common purslane Portulaca oleracea	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Common St. John's-wort Hypericum perforatum	Toxic	Toxic	Mild
Cuckoo-pint Arum maculatum	Toxic	Toxic	Mild
Devil's walkingstick Aralia spinosa	Toxic	Toxic	Mild
Devil's-apple Solanum linnaeanum	Toxic	Toxic	Moderate
Docks Rumex spp.	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Dogbanes Apocynum spp.	Toxic	Toxic	Moderate
Dogfennel Eupatorium capillifolium	Toxic	Toxic	Mild
Eastern skunk cabbage Symplocarpus foetidus	Toxic	Toxic	Mild
Groundsels Senecio spp.	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Hemp dogbane Apocynum cannabinum	Toxic	Toxic	Moderate
Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema triphyllum	Toxic	Toxic	Mild
Jerusalem oak Chenopodium botrys	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Lyonias Lyonia spp.	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Mayapple Podophyllum peltatum	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Mexican tea Chenopodium ambrosioides	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Milkweeds Asclepias spp.	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Nightshades Solanum spp.	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Poison hemlock Conium maculatum	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Precatory bean Abrus precatorius	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Ranger buttons Sphenosciadium capitellatum	Toxic	Toxic	Mild
Sheep laurel Kalmia angustifolia	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Springparsleys Cymopterus spp.	Toxic	Toxic	Mild
Spurges Euphorbia spp.	Toxic	Toxic	Moderate
St. John's worts Hypericum spp.	Toxic	Toxic	Mild
Stinking chamomile Anthemis cotula	Toxic	Toxic	Moderate
Swamp laurel Kalmia polifolia	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Tree tobacco Nicotiana glauca	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Wahoo Euonymus atropurpurea	Toxic	Toxic	Moderate
Water hemlock Cicuta maculata	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Water hemlocks Cicuta spp.	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Western burning bush Euonymus occidentalis	Toxic	Toxic	Moderate
Wild hydrangea Hydrangea arborescens	Toxic	Toxic	Moderate
Wild leek Allium ampeloprasum	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Woodsorrels Oxalis spp.	Toxic	Toxic	Critical
Wormwoods and sagebrushes Artemisia spp.	Toxic	Toxic	Moderate

§ 020 · If it happened

What to do if your pet ate one

Call your vet or a pet poison hotline straight away, even if your pet seems fine: the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, (888) 426-4435, or Pet Poison Helpline, (855) 764-7661. Both are open 24 hours and charge a fee. Have the plant or a photo of it to hand, and don’t make your pet vomit unless a vet tells you to.

§ 030 · Plant by plant

Plant by plant

Is American bittersweet toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Severe, level 3 of 4. Signs include weakness, seizures, vomiting, diarrhea and belly pain.

Is aspen fleabane toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Aspen fleabane (Erigeron speciosus) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Moderate, level 2 of 4. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, skin irritation and belly pain.

Is bittersweet nightshade toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Mild, level 1 of 4. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, low blood pressure and slow heartbeat. Also called climbing nightshade, trailing bittersweet and European bittersweet.

Is black nightshade toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include drooling, loss of appetite, belly pain, diarrhea, drowsiness, sluggish, unresponsive behavior, disorientation, weakness, dilated pupils, slow heartbeat, dullness or depression, tremors, wobbliness or poor coordination, shock, coma, trouble breathing and kidney failure. Also called black nightshade, hairy black nightshade and red nightshade.

Is bullwort toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Bullwort (Ammi majus) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Mild, level 1 of 4. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, dullness or depression, skin irritation, sunburn-like skin reactions to light, mouth irritation, drooling and trouble swallowing. Also called false queen anne's lace.

Are buttercups toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Buttercups (Ranunculus spp.) are toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates their effects Severe, level 3 of 4. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, dullness or depression, loss of appetite, drooling, mouth sores, wobbliness or poor coordination, lying down and unable to get up, paralysis and belly pain.

Is cape-ivy toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Cape-ivy (Senecio mikanioides) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Severe, level 3 of 4. Signs include liver failure, wobbliness or poor coordination, weight loss, weakness, drowsiness, yawning, dullness or depression, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhea.

Is carolina horsenettle toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Carolina horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include drooling, loss of appetite, belly pain, diarrhea, drowsiness, sluggish, unresponsive behavior, disorientation, weakness, dilated pupils, slow heartbeat, dullness or depression, wobbliness or poor coordination, paralysis, coma, fast heartbeat, weak pulse, anemia (pale gums), trouble breathing, kidney failure and tremors.

Is common cowparsnip toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Common cowparsnip (Heracleum maximum) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Mild, level 1 of 4. Signs include skin irritation and sunburn-like skin reactions to light. Also called tube clematis.

Is common groundsel toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Severe, level 3 of 4. Signs include liver failure, wobbliness or poor coordination, weight loss, weakness, drowsiness, yawning, dullness or depression, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhea.

Is common purslane toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, kidney failure, tremors, drooling, weakness, dullness or depression, lying down and unable to get up and coma. Also called pigweed.

Is common St. John's-wort toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Common St. John's-wort (Hypericum perforatum) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Mild, level 1 of 4. Signs include sunburn-like skin reactions to light and skin irritation.

Is cuckoo-pint toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Cuckoo-pint (Arum maculatum) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Mild, level 1 of 4. Signs include mouth irritation, drooling, vomiting and trouble swallowing. Also called lords and ladies.

Is devil's walkingstick toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Devil's walkingstick (Aralia spinosa) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Mild, level 1 of 4. Signs include skin irritation, mouth irritation, drooling, vomiting and diarrhea.

Is devil's-apple toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Devil's-apple (Solanum linnaeanum) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Moderate, level 2 of 4. Signs include drooling, loss of appetite, belly pain, diarrhea, drowsiness, sluggish, unresponsive behavior, disorientation, weakness, dilated pupils and slow heartbeat.

Are docks toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Docks (Rumex spp.) are toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates their effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include kidney failure, tremors, drooling, weakness, dullness or depression, lying down and unable to get up and coma.

Are dogbanes toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Dogbanes (Apocynum spp.) are toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates their effects Moderate, level 2 of 4. Signs include diarrhea, slow heartbeat, weakness, belly pain, vomiting and irregular heartbeat.

Is dogfennel toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifolium) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Mild, level 1 of 4. Signs include peeing more than usual, vomiting, diarrhea and skin irritation.

Is eastern skunk cabbage toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Eastern skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Mild, level 1 of 4. Signs include mouth irritation, drooling, vomiting and trouble swallowing. Also called Japanese skunk cabbage.

Are groundsels toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Groundsels (Senecio spp.) are toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates their effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include liver failure, weight loss, weakness, lethargy, yawning, wobbliness or poor coordination, jaundice (yellow gums or eyes), dullness or depression, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, pressing the head against walls, anemia (pale gums) and skin irritation.

Is hemp dogbane toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Hemp dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Moderate, level 2 of 4. Signs include diarrhea, slow heartbeat, weakness, belly pain, vomiting and irregular heartbeat.

Is jack-in-the-pulpit toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Mild, level 1 of 4. Signs include mouth irritation, drooling, vomiting and trouble swallowing. Also called common jack-in-the-pulpit, swamp jack-in-the-pulpit and small jack-in-the-pulpit.

Is Jerusalem oak toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Jerusalem oak (Chenopodium botrys) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include vomiting, loss of appetite, dullness or depression, respiratory failure and trouble breathing. Eaten in quantity, it can be fatal. Also called low goosefoot.

Are lyonias toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Lyonias (Lyonia spp.) are toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates their effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, dullness or depression, collapse, drooling, weakness, coma, low blood pressure and heart failure. Eaten in quantity, it can be fatal.

Is mayapple toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, panting, coma, skin sores, skin irritation, belly pain, drooling, liver failure and bone marrow suppression.

Is Mexican tea toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Mexican tea (Chenopodium ambrosioides) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory failure and trouble breathing. Eaten in quantity, it can be fatal. Also called wormseed.

Are milkweeds toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) are toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates their effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include vomiting, dullness or depression, weakness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, seizures, trouble breathing, weak pulse, dilated pupils, kidney failure, liver failure, coma, respiratory paralysis, belly pain, bloating, tremors, wobbliness or poor coordination, respiratory failure, irregular heartbeat and lying down and unable to get up. Eaten in quantity, it can be fatal.

Are nightshades toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Nightshades (Solanum spp.) are toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates their effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include drooling, loss of appetite, belly pain, diarrhea, drowsiness, sluggish, unresponsive behavior, disorientation, weakness, dilated pupils, slow heartbeat, bloating, dullness or depression, tremors, wobbliness or poor coordination, shock, coma, trouble breathing, kidney failure, paralysis, fast heartbeat, weak pulse and anemia (pale gums).

Is poison hemlock toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include agitation, tremors, drooling, diarrhea, paralysis, belly pain, respiratory paralysis, seizures, weak pulse, respiratory failure, peeing more than usual and wobbliness or poor coordination. Eaten in quantity, it can be fatal.

Is precatory bean toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Precatory bean (Abrus precatorius) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, fast heartbeat, fever and shock. Eaten in quantity, it can be fatal. Also called rosary pea, coral pea and jequirity bean.

Are ranger buttons toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Ranger buttons (Sphenosciadium capitellatum) are toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates their effects Mild, level 1 of 4. Signs include sunburn-like skin reactions to light and skin irritation.

Is sheep laurel toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, heart failure, drooling, belly pain, loss of appetite, tremors, lying down and unable to get up, seizures, fast heartbeat, trouble breathing and wobbliness or poor coordination.

Are springparsleys toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Springparsleys (Cymopterus spp.) are toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates their effects Mild, level 1 of 4. Signs include sunburn-like skin reactions to light and skin irritation.

Are spurges toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Spurges (Euphorbia spp.) are toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates their effects Moderate, level 2 of 4. Signs include mouth irritation, belly pain, vomiting, drooling, diarrhea and skin irritation.

Are St. John's worts toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. St. John's worts (Hypericum spp.) are toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates their effects Mild, level 1 of 4. Signs include sunburn-like skin reactions to light and skin irritation.

Is stinking chamomile toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Stinking chamomile (Anthemis cotula) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Moderate, level 2 of 4. Signs include skin irritation, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite and allergic reactions.

Is swamp laurel toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Swamp laurel (Kalmia polifolia) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, heart failure, belly pain, drooling, loss of appetite, dullness or depression, wobbliness or poor coordination, stupor, paralysis, weak pulse, lying down and unable to get up, coma, tremors, seizures, fast heartbeat and trouble breathing. Eaten in quantity, it can be fatal.

Is tree tobacco toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include overexcitement, dullness or depression, vomiting, wobbliness or poor coordination, paralysis, drooling, diarrhea, trouble breathing and tremors. Eaten in quantity, it can be fatal.

Is wahoo toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Wahoo (Euonymus atropurpurea) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Moderate, level 2 of 4. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, belly pain, weakness and irregular heartbeat.

Is water hemlock toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Water hemlock (Cicuta maculata) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include diarrhea, seizures, tremors, belly pain, dilated pupils, fever, bloating and slow, shallow breathing. Eaten in quantity, it can be fatal. Also called common water-hemlock, victorin's water-hemlock, spotted water-hemlock and bolander's water-hemlock.

Are water hemlocks toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Water hemlocks (Cicuta spp.) are toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates their effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include diarrhea, seizures, tremors, belly pain, dilated pupils, fever, bloating, slow, shallow breathing, drooling and respiratory paralysis. Eaten in quantity, it can be fatal.

Is western burning bush toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Western burning bush (Euonymus occidentalis) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Moderate, level 2 of 4. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, belly pain, weakness and irregular heartbeat. Also called parish's burning bush.

Is wild hydrangea toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Moderate, level 2 of 4. Signs include vomiting, dullness or depression, diarrhea and belly pain. Also called hortensia.

Is wild leek toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Wild leek (Allium ampeloprasum) is toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates its effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include vomiting, anemia (pale gums), weakness, fast heartbeat, panting, blood in the urine, weak pulse, wobbliness or poor coordination, collapse and trouble breathing. Also called wild leek, broadleaf wild leek and babington's leek.

Are woodsorrels toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Woodsorrels (Oxalis spp.) are toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates their effects Critical, level 4 of 4. Signs include kidney failure, tremors, drooling, weakness, dullness or depression, lying down and unable to get up and coma.

Are wormwoods and sagebrushes toxic to cats and dogs?

Yes. Wormwoods and sagebrushes (Artemisia spp.) are toxic to cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. Plant Smart rates their effects Moderate, level 2 of 4. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, wobbliness or poor coordination, overexcitement and trouble breathing.

§ 040 · Questions

Questions about wild plants and weeds toxic to cats and dogs

Which of these are the most dangerous?

Plant Smart rates Black nightshade, Carolina horsenettle, Common purslane, Docks, Groundsels, Jerusalem oak, Lyonias and Mayapple Critical, the highest of its four levels.

What should I do if my pet ate one?

Call your vet or a pet poison hotline right away, even before signs appear: the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center at (888) 426-4435, or Pet Poison Helpline at (855) 764-7661. Both charge a fee. Have the plant, or a photo of it, to hand.

Where does this list come from?

From the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center's plant list, by way of Plant Smart, which adds a four-level severity rating.

Is a plant missing from this list safe?

Not necessarily. A plant can be missing because nobody has reported a case. Call your vet if your pet eats any plant and seems unwell.

Changes

5 Oct 2026: list published, replacing one page per plant.

Sources

ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center: Toxic and Non-Toxic Plant List.

Plant Smart: Plant Smart: plants toxic to pets.

Photos: American bittersweet: (c) aarongunnar, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by aarongunnar, via iNaturalist; Aspen fleabane: (c) Fluff Berger, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), uploaded by Fluff Berger, via iNaturalist; Bittersweet nightshade: (c) John Barkla, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by John Barkla, via iNaturalist; Black nightshade: (c) Evan M. Raskin, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Evan M. Raskin, via iNaturalist; Bullwort: (c) Eleftherios Katsillis, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Eleftherios Katsillis, via iNaturalist; Buttercups: Jason Hollinger, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons; Cape-ivy: (c) Ken-ichi Ueda, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Ken-ichi Ueda, via iNaturalist; Carolina horsenettle: (c) Ted Bodner, Southern Weed Science Society, Bugwood.org, some rights reserved (CC BY), via iNaturalist; Common cowparsnip: (c) Tom Scavo, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Tom Scavo, via iNaturalist; Common groundsel: (c) Pablo, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Pablo, via iNaturalist; Common purslane: (c) Andreas Rockstein, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), via iNaturalist; Common St. John's-wort: (c) Thomas Gyselinck, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Thomas Gyselinck, via iNaturalist; Cuckoo-pint: (c) Grzegorz Grzejszczak, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), uploaded by Grzegorz Grzejszczak, via iNaturalist; Devil's walkingstick: (c) Chris Hoess, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), via iNaturalist; Devil's-apple: (c) Jacqui Geux, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Jacqui Geux, via iNaturalist; Docks: (c) Forest & Kim Starr, some rights reserved (CC BY), via iNaturalist; Dogbanes: (c) Frank Mayfield, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), via iNaturalist; Dogfennel: Larry Allain @ USDA-NRCS Plants Database, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons; Eastern skunk cabbage: no rights reserved, uploaded by Daniel Atha, via iNaturalist; Groundsels: (c) Michelle, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Michelle, via iNaturalist; Hemp dogbane: (c) Frank Mayfield, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), via iNaturalist; Jack-in-the-pulpit: (c) Jason Hollinger, some rights reserved (CC BY), via iNaturalist; Jerusalem oak: (c) Jim Morefield, some rights reserved (CC BY), via iNaturalist; Lyonias: KENPEI, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons; Mayapple: no rights reserved, uploaded by mefisher, via iNaturalist; Mexican tea: Wikimedia Commons, no known copyright restrictions (public domain), via iNaturalist; Milkweeds: no rights reserved, via iNaturalist; Nightshades: (c) i_c_riddell, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by i_c_riddell, via iNaturalist; Poison hemlock: no rights reserved, via iNaturalist; Precatory bean: (c) coenobita, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by coenobita, via iNaturalist; Ranger buttons: (c) Jim Morefield, some rights reserved (CC BY), via iNaturalist; Sheep laurel: (c) Charles Kinsley, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), via iNaturalist; Springparsleys: (c) Matt Lavin, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), via iNaturalist; Spurges: Alvesgaspar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons; St. John's worts: (c) Cynthia Su, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Cynthia Su, via iNaturalist; Stinking chamomile: Köhler, F. E. (Franz Eugen), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons; Swamp laurel: (c) aarongunnar, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by aarongunnar, via iNaturalist; Tree tobacco: (c) Scott Zona, some rights reserved (CC BY), via iNaturalist; Wahoo: (c) Sam Kieschnick, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Sam Kieschnick, via iNaturalist; Water hemlock: 2014 Mary Winter, no known copyright restrictions (public domain), via iNaturalist; Water hemlocks: 2014 Mary Winter, no known copyright restrictions (public domain), via iNaturalist; Western burning bush: (c) Ken-ichi Ueda, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Ken-ichi Ueda, via iNaturalist; Wild hydrangea: H. Zell, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons; Wild leek: (c) Emanuele Santarelli, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA), uploaded by Emanuele Santarelli, via iNaturalist; Woodsorrels: (c) Alan Rockefeller, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Alan Rockefeller, via iNaturalist; Wormwoods and sagebrushes: (c) Bobby McCabe, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Bobby McCabe, via iNaturalist.

Checked Oct 2026.

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